Instructions | Preface | Principles of Translation Abbreviations List| Bibliography| Greek Manuscript Evidence
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 | For Cell Phones with Internet Browsing ability, you can simply upload the HTML files for this Bible onto your Phone, & Web browse the Bible right on your phone. The ZIP file with the HTML is HERE. Once on your phone, run the index.htm file. NET Bible Principles of Translation 1. Text
2. Interpretive Decisions and Tools
3. Form of Translation No translation can ever achieve complete formal equivalence.1 Even a translation which sometimes reflects Hebrew and Greek word order at the expense of English style has to resort to paraphrase in some places. On the other hand, no translation achieves complete dynamic equivalence2 either. Thus this translation, like every other, ends up somewhere between the two extremes. These considerations are reflected by the following specific qualifications:
4. Additional Features of the Translation and Notes
Abbreviations for Biblical Books and Nonbiblical Literature Old Testament
Books of the Old Testament Apocrypha
New Testament
Other Ancient Documents Two citation systems for Philo and Josephus are used in the notes. The older (classical) system is listed first, and the Loeb citation system then follows in parentheses.
Abbreviations for Bible Versions English Versions
Ancient Versions
General Abbreviations NET Bible Footnote Types
Journals
Commentary and Monograph Series
Text-critical Terms
Miscellaneous Abbreviations
List of Cited Works Works Cited by Abbreviation
Works Cited by Name and Short Title Fauna and Flora of the Bible. 2d ed. Helps for Translators. New York: United Bible Societies, 1980. The Illustrated Family Encyclopedia of the Living Bible. Chicago: San Francisco Productions, 1967. Aharoni, Yohanan. The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Translated and edited by A. F. Rainey. 2d ed. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1979. Aharoni, Yohanan and Michael Avi-Yonah. The Macmillan Bible Atlas. Edited by Anson F. Rainey and Ze’ev Safrai. 3d ed. New York: Macmillan, 1976. Albright, W. F. Archaeology and the Religion of Israel. 3d ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1953. ________. From the Stone Age to Christianity: Monotheism and the Historical Process. 2d ed. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1957. ________. “Archaic Survivals in the Text of Canticles.” Pages 1-7 in Hebrew and Semitic Studies. Edited by D. Winton Thomas and W. D. McHardy. Oxford: Claredon, 1963. ________. Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: A Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968. Aldred, Cyril. The Egyptians. Ancient Peoples and Places 18. New York: Praeger, 1961. Allen, Leslie C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976. ________. Psalms 101-150. Word Biblical Commentary 21. Waco, Tex.: Word, 1983. ________. Ezekiel. 2 vols. Word Biblical Commentary 28-29. Dallas: Word, 1990-1994. Alter, R. The Art of Biblical Narrative. New York: Basic Books, 1981. Andersen, Francis I. Job. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1976. Andersen, Francis I., and David Noel Freedman. Hosea. Anchor Bible 24. New York: Doubleday, 1980. ________. Amos. Anchor Bible 24A. New York: Doubleday, 1989. André, Gunnel. Determining the Destiny: PQD in the Old Testament. Coniectanea biblica: Old Testament Series 16. Lund: Gleerup, 1980. Archer, G. L. The Book of Job: God’s Answer to the Problem of Understanding Suffering. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1982. Arnold, Bill T., and John H. Choi. A Guide to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Aune, David E. Revelation. 3 vols. Word Biblical Commentary 52ABC. Dallas: Word, 1997-1998. Baker, J. A. The Book of Job: Unity and Suffering. Sheffield: JSOT, 1978. Baldwin, Joyce. “Jonah.” Pages 543-90 in The Minor Prophets. Edited by Thomas E. McComiskey. 3 vols. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993. Barclay, William. The Gospel of John. 2 vols. Daily Study Bible Series. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1956. Barr, James. Biblical Words for Time. 2d ed. Studies in Biblical Theology: First Series 33. London: S.C.M., 1969. ________. Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament. Rev. ed. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1987. Barre, M. L., and J. S. Kselman. “New Exodus, Covenant, and Restoration in Psalm 23.” Pages 97-127 in The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth: Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman. Edited by C. F. Meyers and M. O’Connor. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1983. Barrett, C. K. The Gospel According to St. John. 2d ed. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1978. ________. A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. Edited by Henry Chadwick. Harper’s New Testament Commentaries. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1957. Repr., Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1987. ________. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. 2 vols. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1994-1998. Barstad, H. The Religious Polemics of Amos. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 34. Leiden: Brill, 1984. Barth, Markus. Ephesians: Translation and Commentary on Chapters 1-3 and 4-6. 2 vols. Anchor Bible 34, 34A. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1974. ________. The People of God. Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 5. Sheffield: JSOT, 1983. Barthélemy, Dominique, D. W. Gooding, J. Lust, and E. Tov. The Story of David and Goliath: Textual and Literary Criticism. Orbis biblicus et orientalis 73. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1986. Barthélemy, Dominique, Adrian Schenker, and John Alexander Thompson. Preliminary and Interim Report on the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project. 5 vols. 2d ed. New York: United Bible Societies, 1979-1980. Barthes, Roland. “The Struggle with the Angel: Textual Analysis of Genesis 32:23-33.” Pages 21-33 in Structural Analysis and Biblical Exegesis: Interpretational Essays. Edited by Roland Barthes. Pittsburgh Theological Monograph Series 3. Pittsburgh: Pickwick, 1974. Bartlett, J. R. “The Moabites and the Edomites.” Pages 229-58 in Peoples of Old Testament Times. Edited by D. J. Wiseman. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973. Barton, J. Amos’s Oracles Against the Nations. Society for Old Testament Studies: Monograph Series 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980. Bauckham, Richard. Jude, 2 Peter. Word Biblical Commentary 50. Waco, Tex.: Word, 1983. Bauer, Hans, and Pontus Leander. Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramäischen. Halle/Saale: Max Niemeyer, 1927. Beale, G. K. The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text. New International Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999. Berlin, Adele. Poetics and Interpretation of Biblical Narrative. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1994. ________. Zephaniah. Anchor Bible 25A. New York: Doubleday, 1994. Bernard, J. H. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to St. John. 2 vols. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1928. Best, Ernest. Mark: The Gospel As Story. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1983. Beyer, Klaus. Semitische Syntax im Neuen Testament. Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1962. Biggs, Robert D. Sà.zi.ga: Ancient Mesopotamian Potency Incantations. Texts From Cuneiform Sources 2. Locust Valley, N.Y.: J. J. Augustin, 1967. Blank, S. H. “‘Perish the Day!’ A Misdirected Curse (Job 3:3).” Pages 61-63 in Prophetic Thought: Essays and Addresses. Edited by Sheldon H. Blank. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1977. Blenkinsopp, Joseph. Ezra-Nehemiah. Old Testament Library. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1988. Block, Daniel I. The Book of Ezekiel. 2 vols. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997. Bock, Darrell L. Luke. 2 vols. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament 3AB. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994-1996. Boling, Robert G. Judges. Anchor Bible 6A. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1975. Bonsirven, Joseph. Épîtres de Saint Jean: Introduction, traduction et commentaire. New ed. Commentaire du Nouveau Testament 9. Paris: Beauchesne, 1954. Borger, Riekele. Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, Königs von Assyrien. Archiv für Orientforschung 9. Graz: Im Selbstverlage des Herausgebers, 1956. Borowski, Oded. Agriculture in Iron Age Israel. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1986. Boström, Gustav. Proverbiastudien: die Weisheit und das fremde Weib in Spr. 1-9. Lunds universitets årsskrift. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup, 1935. Brichto, H. C. The Problem of “Curse” in the Hebrew Bible. Journal of Biblical Literature Monograph Series 13. Philadelphia: Society of Biblical Literature, 1963. Briggs, Charles A., and Emilie Grace Briggs. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Psalms. 2 vols. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1906-1907. Bright, John. Jeremiah. Anchor Bible. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965. ________. A History of Israel. 4th ed. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 2000. Brown, Raymond E. The Gospel According to John. 2 vols. Anchor Bible 29, 29A. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966-1970. ________. The Epistles of John. Anchor Bible 30. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1982. Brownlee, William Hugh. Ezekiel 1-19. Word Biblical Commentary 28. Waco, Tex.: Word, 1986. Bruce, F. F. The Acts of the Apostles. London: Tyndale, 1951. ________. The Book of the Acts. Rev. ed. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988. Buchanan, George Wesley. The Consequences of the Covenant. Supplements to Novum Testamentum 20. Leiden: Brill, 1970. Budd, Philip J. Numbers. Word Biblical Commentary 5. Waco, Tex.: Word, 1984. ________. Leviticus. New Century Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996. Bullinger, E. W. Figures of Speech Used in the Bible, Explained and Illustrated. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1898. Repr., Grand Rapids: Baker, 1968. Burney, C. F. The Book of Judges. 2d ed. London: Rivingtons, 1920. Burrows, Eric. The Oracles of Jacob and Balaam. London: Burns Oates & Washbourne, 1938. Bush, Frederic W. Ruth, Esther. Word Biblical Commentary 9. Waco, Tex.: Word, 1996. Buth, Randall. “Methodological Collision Between Source Criticism and Discourse Analysis.” Pages 138-54 in Biblical Hebrew and Discourse Linguistics. Edited by Robert D. Bergen. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1994. Butler, Trent C. Joshua. Word Biblical Commentary 7. Waco, Tex: Word, 1983. Caird, G. B. The Revelation of St. John the Divine. Edited by Henry Chadwick. Harper’s New Testament Commentaries. New York: Harper & Row, 1966. Camp, Claudia V. Wisdom and the Feminine in the Book of Proverbs. Bible and Literature Series 11. Decatur, Ga.: Almond Press, 1985. Campbell, Edward Fay. Ruth. Anchor Bible 7. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1975. Carr, G. Lloyd. The Song of Solomon. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries 17. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1983. Caspari, C. P. A Grammar of the Arabic Language. 3d ed. Translated and edited by William Wright. 3d edition revised by William Robertson Smith and Michael Jan de Goeje. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933. Cassuto, Umberto. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis: From Adam to Noah. Translated by Israel Abrahams. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1961. ________. The Documentary Hypothesis and the Composition of the Pentateuch. Translated by Israel Abrahams. 1st English ed. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1961. ________. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus. Translated by Israel Abrahams. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1967. Cathcart, Kevin J. Nahum in the Light of Northwest Semitic. Biblica et orientalia 26. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1973. Cathcart, Kevin J., and R. P. Gordon. The Targum of the Minor Prophets. The Aramaic Bible 14. Wilmington, Del.: M. Glazier, 1989. Childs, Brevard S. Memory and Tradition in Israel. Studies in Biblical Theology 37. Naperville, Ill.: Allenson, 1962. ________. The Book of Exodus: A Critical, Theological Commentary. Old Testament Library. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1974. Chirichigno, G. C. Debt-Slavery in Israel and the Ancient Near East. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series 141. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993. Chisholm, Robert B. “A Theology of the Psalms.” Pages 257-304 in A Biblical Theology of the Old Testament. Edited by Roy B. Zuck. Chicago: Moody, 1991. ________. “Evidence From Genesis.” Pages 35-54 in A Case for Premillennialism: A New Consensus. Edited by Donald K. Campbell and Jeffrey L. Townsend. Chicago: Moody, 1992. ________. From Exegesis to Exposition: A Practical Guide to Using Biblical Hebrew. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998. Christensen, Duane L. Deuteronomy 1-11. Word Biblical Commentary 6A. Dallas: Word, 1991. Clark, Gordon R. The Word Hesed in the Hebrew Bible. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series 157. Sheffield: JSOT, 1993. Clements, R. E. Isaiah 1-39. New Century Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980. Clines, David J. A. Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. New Century Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984. ________. Job. Word Biblical Commentary 17. Waco, Tex.: Word, 1989. Coats, George W. Rebellion in the Wilderness. Nashville: Abingdon, 1968. Cody, Aelred. A History of Old Testament Priesthood. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1969. Cogan, Mordechai, and Hayim Tadmor. II Kings. Anchor Bible 11. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1988. Cohen, Abraham. Proverbs. Soncino Books of the Bible. London: Soncino, 1945. ________. The Five Megilloth. Soncino Books of the Bible. London: Soncino, 1946. ________. The Psalms. Edited by Ephraim Oratz. 2d ed. Soncino Books of the Bible. New York: Soncino, 1992. Cohen, Harold R. Biblical Hapax Legomena in the Light of Akkadian and Ugaritic. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 37. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars, 1978. Cole, R. A. Exodus: An Introduction and Commentary. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1973. Collins, John Joseph. Daniel. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993. Cook, Albert Spaulding. The Root of the Thing: A Study of Job and the Song of Songs. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1968. Craigie, Peter C. The Book of Deuteronomy. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976. ________. The Problem of War in the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978. ________. Psalms 1-50. Word Biblical Commentary 19. Waco, Tex.: Word, 1983. Craigie, Peter C., Page H. Kelley, and Joel F. Drinkard, Jr. Jeremiah 1-25. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1991. Cramer, J. A., ed. Catenae in euangelia Lucae et Joannis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1841. Cranfield, C. E. B. The Epistle to the Romans. Edited by J. A. Emerton and C. E. B. Cranfield. 2 vols. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1975-1979. Crenshaw, James L. A Whirlpool of Torment: Israelite Traditions of God As an Oppressive Presence. Overtures to Biblical Theology 12. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984. Cross, Frank M. “The Divine Warrior in Israel’s Early Cult.” Pages 11-30 in Biblical Motifs: Origins and Transformations. Edited by A. Altman. Philip W. Lown Institute of Advanced Judaic Studies, Brandeis University: Studies and Texts 3. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966. Cross, Frank M., and David Noel Freedman. Studies in Ancient Yahwistic Poetry. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 21. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars, 1975. Cullmann, Oscar. Peter: Disciple, Apostle, Martyr: A Historical and Theological Study. 2d ed. The Library of History and Doctrine. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1962. Cumont, Franz Valery Marie. After Life in Roman Paganism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1922. Repr., New York: Dover, 1959. Currid, John D. Ancient Egypt and the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1997. Dahood, Mitchell J. Proverbs and Northwest Semitic Philology. Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici 113. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1963. ________. Psalms. Anchor Bible 16-17A. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1966. Dalman, Gustaf. Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina. Schriften des Deutschen Palästina-Instituts. Gütersloh: C. Bertelsmann, 1928. Davidson, A. B. The Book of Job. New ed. Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1918. Davies, Graham I. The Way of the Wilderness: A Geographical Study of the Wilderness Itineraries in the Old Testament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. ________. Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Davies, W. D., and Dale C. Allison, Jr. Matthew. 3 vols. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1988-1997. Davis, John James. Biblical Numerology. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1968. Day, John. Molech: A God of Human Sacrifice in the Old Testament. University of Cambridge Oriental Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Decker, Rodney J. Temporal Deixis of the Greek Verb in the Gospel of Mark with Reference to Verbal Aspect. Edited by D. A. Carson. Studies in Biblical Greek 10. New York: Peter Lang, 2001. de Waard, Jan. A Handbook on Isaiah. Textual Criticism and the Translator 1. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1997. DeWit, C. The Date and Route of the Exodus. London: Tyndale, 1960. Dhorme, E. A Commentary on the Book of Job. Translated by Harold Knight. London: T. Nelson, 1967. Dillmann, August. Genesis, Critically and Exegetically Expounded. Translated by William B. Stevenson. 2 vols. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1897. Dittenberger, Wilhelm, ed. Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. Lipsiae: S. Hirzelium, 1915-1924. Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W. Lamentations. Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Preaching and Teaching. Louisville, Ky.: John Knox, 2002. Dodd, C. H. The Johannine Epistles. Moffatt New Testament Commentary. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1946. Dods, Marcus. “The Gospel of St. John.” Pages 653-872 in The Expositor’s Greek Testament. Edited by W. Robertson Nicoll. 5 vols. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1897-1910. Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966. Driver, G. R. Canaanite Myths and Legends. Edited by J. C. L. Gibson. 2d ed. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1978. Driver, S. R. A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew and Some Other Syntactical Questions. 3d ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892. ________. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy. 3d ed. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1902. ________. The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1906. ________. The Book of Exodus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911. ________. Notes on the Hebrew Text and the Topography of the Books of Samuel. 2d ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1960. Driver, S. R., and George Buchanan Gray. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Job. 2 vols. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1921. Dunn, J. D. G. Romans. 2 vols. Word Biblical Commentary 38AB. Dallas: Word, 1988. ________. “Once More, ΠΙΣΤΙΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΥ.” Pages 730-44 in SBL Seminar Papers, 1991. Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers 30. Atlanta: Scholars, 1991. Durham, John I. Exodus. Word Biblical Commentary 3. Dallas: Word, 1987. Eaton, J. H. Kingship and the Psalms. Studies in Biblical Theology: Second Series 32. Naperville, Ill.: Allenson, 1976. Eaton, M. A. Ecclesiastes. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1983. Ehrman, Bart D. The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Eichrodt, Walther. Theology of the Old Testament. Translated by J. A. Baker. Old Testament Library. London: S.C.M., 1961-1967. Eissfeldt, O. “Renaming in the Old Testament.” Pages 70-83 in Words and Meanings. Edited by P. R. Ackroyd and B. Lindars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. Ellis, E. Earle. “The Silenced Wives of Corinth (I Cor. 14:34-5).” Pages 213-20 in New Testament Textual Criticism: Its Significance for Exegesis. Edited by Eldon Jay Epp and Gordon D. Fee. Oxford: Clarendon, 1981. Engnell, I. “‘Knowledge’ and ‘Life’ in the Creation Story.” Pages 103-19 in Wisdom in Israel and in the Ancient Near East. Edited by Martin Noth and D. Winton Thomas. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 3. Leiden: Brill, 1955. Falk, Marcia. Love Lyrics From the Bible: A Translation and Literary Study of the Song of Songs. Bible and Literature Series 4. Sheffield: Almond, 1982. Fanning, Buist M. Verbal Aspect in New Testament Greek. Oxford Theological Monographs. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Fee, Gordon D. The First Epistle to the Corinthians. Edited by F. F. Bruce. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987. ________. Paul’s Letter to the Philippians. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995. Fensham, F. Charles. The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982. Figart, Thomas O. A Biblical Perspective on the Race Problem. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1973. Fishbane, Michael A. Biblical Interpretation in Ancient Israel. Oxford: Clarendon, 1985. ________. Biblical Text and Texture: A Literary Reading of Selected Texts. Oxford: Oneworld, 1998. Fitzmyer, Joseph A. The Aramaic Inscriptions of Sefîre. Biblica et orientalia 19. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1967. ________. The Gospel According to Luke. 2 vols. Anchor Bible 28, 28A. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981-1985. ________. Romans: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Edited by W. F. Albright and David Noel Freedman. Anchor Bible 33. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1993. Fohrer, Georg. Introduction to the Old Testament. Nashville: Abingdon, 1968. Fokkelman, J. P. Narrative Art in Genesis: Specimens of Stylistic and Structural Analysis. Studia semitica neerlandica 17. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1975. Fox, Michael V. The Song of Songs and the Ancient Egyptian Love Songs. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985. Fraser, J. G. Folklore in the Old Testament. London: Macmillan, 1919. Repr., New York: Hart, 1975. Freedman, David Noel. “Strophe and Meter in Exodus 15.” Pages 163-203 in A Light Unto My Path: Old Testament Studies in Honor of Jacob M. Myers. Edited by Howard N. Bream, Ralph D. Heim, and Carey A. Moore. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974. Freedman, David Noel, and K. A. Mathews. The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll (11QpaleoLev). Philadelphia: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1985. Freedman, David Noel, and A. Welch. “Amos’s Earthquake and Israelite Prophecy.” Pages 188-98 in Scripture and Other Artifacts. Edited by M. Coogan, J. C. Exum, and L. E. Stager. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1994. Freedman, H. Jeremiah. Soncino Books of the Bible. London: Soncino, 1949. Freeman, Hobart E. An Introduction to the Old Testament Prophets. Chicago: Moody, 1969. Gamble, Harry Y. The Textual History of the Letter to the Romans: A Study in Textual and Literary Criticism. Studies and Documents 42. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977. Garrett, Duane. Rethinking Genesis. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1991. Garstang, John. Joshua-Judges. New York: Smith, 1931. Gemser, B. “The rîb – or Controversy – Pattern in Hebrew Mentality.” Pages 120-37 in Wisdom in Israel and in the Ancient Near East. Edited by M. Noth and D. Winton Thomas. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 3. Leiden: Brill, 1955. George, Timothy. Galatians. New American Commentary 30. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1994. Gerleman, Gillis. Ruth, Das Hohelied. 2d ed. Biblischer Kommentar, Altes Testament 18. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1981. Gerstenberger, Erhard S. Psalms, Part 1. Forms of the Old Testament Literature 14. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987. ________. Leviticus: A Commentary. Translated by Douglas W. Stott. Old Testament Library. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 1996. Gill, D., and C. Gempf, eds. The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting. Vol. 2 of The Book of Acts in its First Century Setting. Edited by Bruce Winter. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994. Ginsberg, Harold Louis. The Legend of King Keret: A Canaanite Epic of the Bronze Age. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research: Supplement Series 2-3. New Haven, Conn.: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1946. Glasson, T. F. Moses in the Fourth Gospel. Studies in Biblical Theology 40. Naperville, Ill.: A. R. Allenson, 1963. Glazier-McDonald, Beth. Malachi, the Divine Messenger. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 98. Atlanta: Scholars, 1987. Glickman, S. Craig. A Song for Lovers. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1976. Glueck, N. “Incense Altars.” Pages 325-29 in Translating and Understanding the Old Testament. Edited by H. T. Frank and W. L. Reed. Nashville: Abingdon, 1970. Goldingay, John. Daniel. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1989. Goppelt, Leonhard.Theology of the New Testament. 2 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981-1982. Gordis, Robert. The Song of Songs and Lamentations. Rev. ed. New York: Ktav, 1974. ________. The Book of Job. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1978. Gordon, C. H. “Biblical Customs and the Nuzu Tablets.” Pages 21-33 in The Biblical Archaeologist Reader. Edited by George E. Wright, David Noel Freedman, and Edward F. Campbell. 4 vols. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1961-1983. Gottwald, Norman K. Studies in the Book of Lamentations. Studies in Biblical Theology 14. London: S.C.M., 1954. ________. The Tribes of Yahweh: A Sociology of the Religion of Liberated Israel, 1250-1050 B.C.E. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1979. Goulder, M. D. The Song of Fourteen Songs. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series 36. Sheffield: JSOT, 1986. Gowan, Donald E. When Man Becomes God: Humanism and Hybris in the Old Testament. Pittsburgh Theological Monograph Series 6. Pittsburgh: Pickwick, 1975. Gray, George Buchanan. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Numbers. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1903. ________. Sacrifice in the Old Testament: Its Theory and Practice. New York: Ktav, 1971. Green, Joel B. The Gospel of Luke. Edited by Gordon D. Fee. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997. Greenberg, Moshe. Ezekiel. 2 vols. Anchor Bible. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1983-1997. Greenstone, Julius H. Proverbs. The Holy Scriptures. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1950. Hafemann, Scott J. Paul, Moses, and the History of Israel: The Letter/Spirit Contrast and the Argument From Scripture in 2 Corinthians 3. Edited by Martin Hengel and Otfried Hofius. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 81. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1995. Hagner, Donald A. Matthew. 2 vols. Word Biblical Commentary 33AB. Dallas: Word, 1993-1995. Haldar, Alfred. Studies in the Book of Nahum. Uppsala: Lundequistska bokhandeln, 1947. Hamlin, J. E. “The Liberator’s Ordeal: A Study of Exodus 4:1-9.” Pages 33-42 in Rhetorical Criticism: Essays in Honor of James Muilenburg. Edited by Jared J. Jackson and Martin Kessler. Pittsburgh Theological Monograph Series 1. Pittsburgh: Pickwick, 1974. Haran, M. “The Passover Sacrifice.” Pages 86-116 in Studies in the Religion of Ancient Israel. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 23. Leiden: Brill, 1972. Harland, J. P. “Sodom and Gomorrah.” Pages 41-75 in The Biblical Archaeologist Reader. Edited by George E. Wright, David Noel Freedman, and Edward F. Campbell. 4 vols. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1961-1983. Harris, Murray J. Colossians & Philemon. Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991. Harris, W. Hall. The Descent of Christ: Ephesians 4:7-11 and Traditional Hebrew Imagery. Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums 32. Leiden: Brill, 1996. Harrison, R. K. Healing Herbs of the Bible. Leiden: Brill, 1966. ________. Leviticus. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1980. ________. Numbers. Wycliffe Exegetical Commentary. Chicago: Moody, 1990. Hartley, John E. The Book of Job. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988. ________. Leviticus. Word Biblical Commentary 4. Dallas: Word, 1992. Hayes, John Haralson, and Stuart A. Irvine. Isaiah, the Eighth Century Prophet: His Times and His Preaching. Nashville: Abingdon, 1987. Hays, Richard B. The Faith of Jesus Christ: An Investigation of the Narrative Substructure of Galatians 3:1-4:11. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 56. Chico, Calif.: Scholars, 1983. Heater, Homer. A Septuagint Translation Technique in the Book of Job. Catholic Biblical Quarterly: Monograph Series 11. Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association, 1982. Heidel, Alexander. The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946. Heider, George C. The Cult of Molek: A Reassessment. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series 43. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, 1985. Hepper, F. N. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Bible Plants. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992. Herbert, A. S. Genesis 12-50. Torch Bible Commentaries. London: S.C.M., 1962. Hillers, Delbert R. Treaty-Curses and the Old Testament Prophets. Biblica et Orientalia 16. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1964. ________. Lamentations. Anchor Bible 7A. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1979. ________. Micah. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984. Hindson, Edward E. The Philistines and the Old Testament. Baker Studies in Biblical Archaeology. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1972. Hoehner, Harold W. Herod Antipas. Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series 17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972. ________. Ephesians. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002. Hoffner, H. A., Jr. “Hittites.” Pages 127-55 in Peoples of the Old Testament World. Edited by Alfred J. Hoerth, Gerald L. Mattingly, and Edwin M. Yamauchi. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1996. Holladay, William L. Jeremiah. 2 vols. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986-1989. ________. A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988. Houtman, Cornelis. Exodus. Edited by Johan Rebel and Sierd Woudstra. 4 vols. Historical Commentary on the Old Testament. Kampen: Kok, 1993-. Howard, David M. “Philistines.” Pages 231-50 in Peoples of the Old Testament World. Edited by Alfred J. 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The Jewish New Year Festival: Its Origins and Development. London: SPCK, 1947. ________. Leviticus and Numbers. New Century Bible Commentary. London: Nelson, 1967. Soggin, J. Alberto. Judges. Old Testament Library. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1981. Speiser, E. A. Genesis. Anchor Bible 1. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964. ________. “The Wife-Sister Motif in the Patriarchal Narratives.” Pages 62-81 in Oriental and Biblical Studies. Edited by J. J. Finkelstein and M. Greenberg. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia, 1967. Spurrell, George James. Notes on the Text of the Book of Genesis. 2d ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1896. Stadelmann, Luis I. J. The Hebrew Conception of the World. Analecta Biblica 39. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1970. Stamm, Johann Jakob, and M. E. Andrew. The Ten Commandments in Recent Research. Studies in Biblical Theology: Second Series 2. Naperville, Ill.: A. R. Allenson, 1967. Stein, Robert H. Luke. New American Commentary 24. Nashville: Broadman, 1992. Streck, Maximilian. Assurbanipal und die letzten assyrischen könige bis zum untergange Niniveh’s. 3 vols. Vorderasiatische Bibliothek 7. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1918. Stuart, Douglas K. Hosea-Jonah. Word Biblical Commentary 31. Waco, Tex.: Word, 1987. Sutcliffe, Edmund F. The Old Testament and the Future Life. London: Burns Oates & Washbourne, 1946. Swartley, Willard M. Slavery, Sabbath, War, and Women: Case Issues in Biblical Interpretation. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald, 1983. Szpek, Heidi M. Translation Technique in the Peshitta to Job. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 137. Atlanta: Scholars, 1992. Theissen, Gerd. Psychologische Aspekte paulinischer Theologie. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments 131. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983. Thomas, D. W. “בְּלִיַּעַל in the Old Testament.” Pages 11-19 in Biblical and Patristic Studies in Memory of Robert Pierce Casey. Edited by J. Neville Birdsall and Robert W. Thomson. New York: Herder, 1963. Thompson, J. A. “Numbers.” Pages 168-200 in New Bible Commentary: Revised. Edited by D. Guthrie and J. A. Motyer. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970. ________. “The Date of the Book of Joel.” Pages 453-64 in A Light Unto My Path: Old Testament Studies in Honor of Jacob M. Myers. Edited by Howard N. Bream, Ralph D. Heim, and Carey A. Moore. Gettysburg Theological Studies 4. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974. ________. Deuteronomy. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. London: InterVarsity, 1974. ________. The Book of Jeremiah. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980. Thompson, K. C. “I Corinthians 15, 29 and Baptism for the Dead.” Pages 647-59 in Studia Evangelica, Vol. 2, Part I. Edited by F. L. Cross. Texte und Untersuchungen 87. Berlin: Akademie, 1964. Thompson, R. Campbell, and Richard Wyatt Hutchinson. A Century of Exploration At Nineveh. London: Luzac, 1929. Thompson, R. J. Penitence and Sacrifice in Early Israel outside the Levitical Law: An Examination of the Fellowship Theory of Early Israelite Sacrfice. Leiden: Brill, 1963. Tigay, Jeffrey H., ed. Empirical Models for Biblical Criticism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1985. ________. Deuteronomy. Jerusalem Publication Society Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1996. Toy, Crawford H. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Proverbs. International Critical Commentary. 1899. Repr., Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1970. Tromp, Nicholas J. Primitive Conceptions of Death and the Nether World in the Old Testament. Biblica et orientalia 21. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1969. Ulrich, Eugene Charles. The Qumran Text of Samuel and Josephus. Harvard Semitic Monographs 19. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars, 1978. Van Dam, Cornelis. The Urim and Thummim: A Means of Revelation in Ancient Israel. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1997. Vaulx, Jacques de. Les Nombres. Sources bibliques. Paris: Gabalda, 1972. Vaux, Roland de. Studies in Old Testament Sacrifice. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1964. ________. Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. Edited by Astrid Beck and David Noel Freedman. Translated by John McHugh. The Biblical Resource Series. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997. Vergote, Jozef. Joseph en Égypte. Louvain: Publications Universitaires, 1959. Vermès, Géza. Scripture and Tradition in Judaism. Studia post-biblica 4. Leiden: Brill, 1961. Vogt, Ernst. Lexicon linguae aramaicae Veteris Testamenti documentis antiquis illustratum. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1971. von Rad, Gerhard. Genesis: A Commentary. Translated by John H. Marks. Old Testament Library. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1961. ________. Biblical Interpretations in Preaching. Translated by John E. Steely. Nashville: Abingdon, 1977. ________. God At Work in Israel. Translated by John H. Marks. Nashville: Abingdon, 1980. Waterfield, Gordon. Layard of Nineveh. New York: F. A. Praeger, 1963. Watson, Wilfred G. E. Classical Hebrew Poetry. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series 26. Sheffield: JSOT, 1984. Watts, John D. W. Isaiah. 2 vols. Word Biblical Commentary 24-25. Waco, Tex.: Word, 1985-1987. Webb, Barry G. The Book of the Judges: An Integrated Reading. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series 46. Sheffield: JSOT, 1987. Weinfeld, Moshe. Deuteronomy 1-11: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. 1st ed. Anchor Bible 5. New York: Doubleday, 1991. Wenham, Gordon J. The Book of Leviticus. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979. ________. Numbers. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries 4. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1981. ________. “The Religion of the Patriarchs.” Pages 157-88 in Essays on the Patriarchal Narratives. Edited by A. Millard and D. Wiseman. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1983. ________. Genesis. 2 vols. Word Biblical Commentary 1, 2. Dallas: Word, 1987-1994. Wenham, John William. The Enigma of Evil: Can We Believe in the Goodness of God? Grand Rapids: Academie, 1985. Westcott, B. F., and F. J. A. Hort. The New Testament in the Original Greek. 2 vols. Cambridge: Macmillan, 1881. Westermann, Claus. Blessing in the Bible and the Life of the Church. Overtures to Biblical Theology. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1978. ________.Genesis. Translated by John J. Scullion. 3 vols. Minneapolis, Minn.: Augsburg, 1984-1986. ________. Basic Forms of Prophetic Speech. Translated by Hugh Clayton White. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1991. White, John Bradley. A Study of the Language of Love in the Song of Songs and Ancient Egyptian Poetry. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 38. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars, 1978. Whybray, R. N. The Heavenly Counsellor in Isaiah xl 13-14: A Study of the Sources of the Theology of Deutero-Isaiah. Society for Old Testament Study Monograph Series 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971. ________. The Book of Proverbs. Cambridge Bible Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972. ________. Isaiah 40-66. Edited by Ronald E. Clements and Matthew Black. New Century Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981. Widengren, Geo. Sakrales Königtum im Alten Testament und im Judentum. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1955. Wildberger, Hans. Isaiah. 3 vols. Continental Commentaries. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991. Williams, Ronald J. “The Passive Qal Theme in Hebrew.” Essays on the Ancient Semitic World. Edited by John W. Wevers and Donald B. Redford. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970. ________. Hebrew Syntax: An Outline. 2d ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976. Williamson, H. G. M. Ezra, Nehemiah. Word Biblical Commentary. Waco, Tex.: Word, 1985. Wilson, J. A. “Egypt.” Pages 39-133 in Before Philosophy: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man. Edited by Henri Frankfort, H. A. Groenewegen-Frankfort, J. A. Wilson, and Thorkild Jacobsen. Baltimore: Penguin, 1949. Wilson, R. D. “Yahweh [Jehovah] and Exodus 6:3.” Pages 29-40 in Classical Evangelical Essays in Old Testament Interpretation. Edited by Walter C. Kaiser. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1972. Wilson, Robert R. Prophecy and Society in Ancient Israel. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1980. Winnett, F. V. The Mosaic Tradition. Near and Middle East Series 1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1949. Wiseman, D. J., ed. Peoples of Old Testament Times. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973. Wolff, Hans Walter. Hosea. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1974. ________. Joel and Amos. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1977. ________. Anthropology of the Old Testament. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1981. Wood, D. R. W., ed. New Bible Dictionary. 3d ed. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1996. Wright, David P. The Disposal of Impurity: Elimination Rites in the Bible and in Hittite and Mesopotamian Literature. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 101. Atlanta: Scholars, 1987. Wright, Ruth V., and Robert L. Chadbourne. Gems and Minerals of the Bible. New York: Harper & Row, 1970. Wuellner, Wilhelm H. The Meaning of “Fishers of Men.” The New Testament Library. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1967. Yadin, Yigael. The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands in the Light of Archaeological Study. Translated by M. Pearlman. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963. Yamauchi, Edwin M. “Cultic Prostitution.” Pages 213-23 in Orient and Occident: Essays Presented to Cyrus H. Gordon on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday. Edited by Harry A. Hoffner. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 22. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1973. ________. Foes From the Northern Frontier: Invading Hordes From the Russian Steppes. Studies in Biblical Archaeology. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1982. Young, Edward J. My Servants, the Prophets. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952. ________. The Book of Isaiah. 3 vols. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965-1972. Zerwick, Maximilian. Biblical Greek: Illustrated by Examples (Graecitas Biblica). Translated by and adapted from the 4th Latin edition by Joseph Smith. Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici 114. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1963. Zimmerli, Walther. Ezekiel. Translated by Ronald E. Clements. 2 vols. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979-1983. Zöckler, Otto. The Proverbs of Solomon. Translated and edited by Charles A. Aiken. Commentary on the Holy Scriptures: Old Testament 10. New York: Charles Scribner, 1870. Zuntz, Günther. The Text of the Epistles: A Disquisition Upon the Corpus Paulinum. The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy. London: Oxford University Press, 1953. Abbreviations and Introduction to Principal Manuscript Evidence for the Greek New Testament No ancient literature has survived in its original form; everything we have is derived from copies of the originals. The NT is no exception. However, in comparison with any other ancient literature, the NT is without a peer—both in terms of the chronological proximity and the surviving number. Several ancient authorities are preserved in only a handful of manuscripts. Not so with the NT. There are approximately 5,500 Greek witnesses, ranging in date from the second century AD into the middle ages. Besides the Greek evidence, there are nearly 30,000 versional copies (e.g., Latin, Coptic, and Syriac), and over 1,000,000 quotations from the NT in the church Fathers. NT textual criticism has always had an embarrassment of riches unparalleled in any other field. The Greek Witnesses The Greek witnesses are by far the most important, since in large measure they represent some of our earliest witnesses and since they involve direct reproduction from Greek to Greek. There are four kinds of Greek witnesses: papyri, uncials (or majuscules), minuscules (or cursives), and lectionaries. The first three are important enough to warrant some discussion here. Papyri These documents are written on the cheap writing materials of the ancient world that were roughly equivalent to modern paper. Literally thousands of papyrus fragments have been found of which approximately 100 contain portions of the New Testament. Actually, taken together, these 100 fragments constitute over half of the New Testament and all but four are in the form of codices (i.e., four are scrolls rather than the book-form [codex]). All NT papyri were written with uncial or capital letters. They range in date from the early second century through the eighth century. About 50 of them are to be dated before the fourth century. Though many of them are somewhat fragmentary, and at times the copying was looser than one would like (i.e., they were done before the canon was officially recognized), they are nevertheless extremely important for establishing the text of the New Testament—if for no other reason than the fact that they represent some of the most ancient witnesses we possess. Five important papyri are illustrated in the chart below. The symbol for each papyrus is Ì followed by a number (e.g., Ì45). The most important papyri cited in the NET NT footnotes are as follows:
Uncials There are approximately 300 uncials known to exist today that contain portions of the New Testament and one uncial that contains the entire NT. Like the papyri, these manuscripts were written with uncial or capital letters, but unlike the papyri they were written on animal skins or vellum. For the most part they are beautiful manuscripts, elegantly written and routinely done in scriptoria and often for special purposes. Generally speaking, they range in date from the fourth through the ninth centuries. Our oldest complete copy of the NT is an uncial manuscript, Í (see chart below). The symbol for each uncial is either a capital letter (in Latin or Greek letters [though one ms has a Hebrew letter, Í]) or a number beginning with 0 (e.g., 01, 0220, etc.). The most important uncials cited in the NET NT footnotes are as follows:
Minuscules There are approximately 2,813 NT Greek minuscule manuscripts known to us today. These copies range in date from the ninth to sixteenth centuries, were produced on vellum or paper, and were written in cursive or a lower-case, flowing hand. They are the best representatives of the medieval ecclesiastical text, that is, the Byzantine text. There are approximately 150-200 that deviate from the Byzantine standard, almost always representing an earlier transmissional stream and hence quite important for NT textual criticism. The symbols for the minuscules are of three kinds: (a) Arabic numbers (e.g., 1, 565, 1739), each of which represents one manuscript; (b) “family 1,” [Ë1] “family 13” [Ë13] (involving a group of closely associated manuscripts); (c) Byz (involving the majority of Byzantine minuscules). The following are among the more important witnesses cited in the NET NT notes:
Versional Evidence Versions were initially prepared for missionary purposes. The history and transmission of versions are often quite complex, and scholars often do not agree on or do not know the particular dates or characteristics of the versions. The chart below contains the major versions cited in the notes; the most important abbreviations are listed, but not all abbreviations are indicated. For more information on the versional evidence for the NT, consult B. M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament (3d ed.; New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 67-86; B. M. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon, 1977); and B. D. Ehrman and M. W. Holmes, eds., The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis (Studies and Documents 46; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995), 75-187.
Patristic Evidence A tremendous source for evidence of the Greek NT are citations found in early Church Fathers. They help to locate and date various readings and texttypes found in the manuscripts and versions. This field is quite complex for two broad reasons: (1) It is often difficult to determine if what the Father actually wrote has been preserved in the extant manuscripts or if corruption has occurred. (2) It is often difficult to determine if a Father is citing a text verbatim, paraphrasing it, or alluding to it. All of the Fathers cited in the notes are listed below. For more information on the patristic evidence for the NT, consult B. M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament (3d ed.; New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 86-92; and B. D. Ehrman and M. W. Holmes, eds., The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis (Studies and Documents 46; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995), 189-236. Ambrose of Milan, d. 397 Ambrosiaster of Rome, active 366-384 Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, d. 373 Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, d. 430 Chromatius, d. 407 Chrysostom, Bishop of Constantinople, d. 407 Clement of Alexandria, d. before 215 Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, d. 258 Cyril of Alexandria, d. 444 Cyril-Jerusalem, d. 386 Didymus of Alexandria, d. 398 Ephraem the Syrian, d. 373 Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis, d. 403 Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, d. 339 or 340 Hesychius of Jerusalem, d. after 451 Hilary of Poitiers, d. 367 Hippolytus of Rome, d. 235 Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons, d. ca. 202 Jerome, d. 420 Justin Martyr, d. ca. 165 Marcion of Rome, 2nd century Origen of Alexandria and Caesarea, d. 254 Pseudo-Athanasius, dates unknown Serapion, d. after 362 Severian, d. after 408 Tertullian of Carthage, d. after 220 Theodore of Mopsuestia in Cilicia, d. 428 Victorinus-Pettau, d. 304 Hebrew and Greek Transliteration Throughout the notes most Hebrew and Greek words or phrases will be transliterated into English. General guidelines for transliteration are as follows: Hebrew and Greek words or phrases in study notes will always be transliterated. Hebrew and Greek in translator’s notes and text-critical notes will usually be transliterated, but there are some exceptions. Only the first occurrence of a word in any note will be transliterated. Hebrew and Greek words contained in citations of lexical tools (e.g., BDAG 2 s.v. ἄβυσσος) will not be transliterated, nor will Hebrew or Greek words and phrases contained in direct quotations. When appropriate (based on the context within the note) the translation of the word or phrase will follow the transliteration. If a Hebrew or Greek phrase in the notes is extensive, in many cases it will not be transliterated for stylistic reasons to avoid unnecessary length and awkwardness. Occasionally a Hebrew word will be written with radicals only and no vowel pointing; in this case there will be no transliteration. As per the Unicode® specification for the Hebrew language, furtive patakh has the same placement as the patakh. Hebrew/English Transliteration5
Greek/English Transliteration
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